Sanah Hasan

Contact

s.hasan@ajman.ac.ae

06 705 null

Ajman Campus

Sanah Hasan
Associate Professor, Coordinator of MSc. Programs
Ext: 6222
CV

Dr. Sanah Hasan received her PhD in 2013 from Monash University, Australia, her PharmD in 2002, and her BS in Pharmacy in 1994 from the School of Pharmacy at the University of Kansas, USA. Dr. Sanah Hasan has extensive experience in hospital pharmacy and community pharmacy research. She has held faculty positions at several academic institutions before joining Ajman University. She has been an invited speaker at numerous regional and international conferences and serves as the principal investigator for several research projects focused on pharmacy practice and community pharmacy services in the UAE and the region.

Education

Doctor of Philosophy, PhD, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia, 2013

Doctor of Pharmacy, PharmD, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 2002

Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1994

Experience

Coordinator of MSc in Clinical Pharmacy Program - COPHS, Ajman University, UAE, September 2022–Present

Associate Professor - Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, August 2019–Present

Assistant Professor - Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, August 2016–August 2019

Coordinator - Office of Experiential Learning, COPHS, Ajman University, UAE, September 2016–January 2020

Faculty - Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, UAE, 2005–2016

Assistant Professor - Gateway Institute, Purdue University, UAE, 2004–2005

Assistant Professor - Clinical Pharmacy, Dubai Pharmacy College, UAE, Fall 2003

Clinical Coordinator - Hays Medical Center, Hays, Kansas, USA, 1998–2000

Staff Pharmacist - Hays Medical Center, Hays, Kansas, USA, 1994–2000

Research Assistant - Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1993–1994

Teaching Area

Clinical Pharmacy - Various areas in disease state management

Health promotion & disease prevention

Public Health

Pharmacy Management & Marketing

Pharmacy Law & Ethics

Pharmacy Clinical and field training

Medication safety and Pharmacovigilance

Pharmaceutical Care

Communication skills in Pharmacy

Research

Health Literacy in Diabetes

Pharmacist Management of Asthma

Screening for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Community Pharmacy

Pharmacovigilance: Health Professionals and Consumers

Pharmacist Practices and Consumer Satisfaction with Birth Control in the UAE

Pharmacy Education and Assessments

Alzheimer's Disease and the Role of the Community Pharmacist

Publications

Hasan S, Tarazi H, Hilal D. Enhancing Student Communication Skills Through Arabic Language Competency and Simulated Patient Assessments. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017; 81 (4): Article 76. doi/full/10.5688/ajpe81476

Hasan S, Farghadani Gh, AlHaideri SKh, Fathy MA. Pharmacist opportunities to improve public self-medicating practices in the UAE. Pharmacology & Pharmacy. 2016; 7(11): 459-47. doi.org/10.4236/pp.2016.711052

Hasan S, Al Sabbagh R, AlHumaidi R, AlMallah M, Khan F. Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in assessing pharmacy students’ Arabic language competence in asthma management. Pharmacy Education. 2016; 16 (1): 158-165. http://pharmacyeducation.fip.org/pharmacyeducation/article/view/418

Zaidan A, Awaisu A, Hasan S, Kheir N. The Living with Medicines Questionnaire: Translation and Cultural Adaptation into the Arabic Context. Value in Health-Regional Issue. 2016; 10 C: 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2016.07.001

Hasan et al. Patient expectations of and willingness to use primary care pharmacy services in the United Arab Emirates. Int J Pharm Pract 2015; 23 (5): 340–348, doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12176

Hasan S et al. Physicians’ attitudes towards provision of primary care services in community pharmacy in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract 2015; 23 (4): 274–282, doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12157

Hasan et al. Physicians' Opinions on Collaboration with Pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. Res Soc Admin Pharm 2014; 10(5): E45-E45

Hasan et al. Assessing patient satisfaction with community pharmacy in the UAE using a newly-validated tool. Res Soc Admin Pharm 2013; 9: 841-850. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.10.002

Hasan et al. Community Pharmacy Services in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012; 20(4): 218-225. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00182.x

Hasan S. Teaching ethics to pharmacy students using a team-based learning approach. Pharmacy Education. 2011; 11 (1): 99 - 106

Hasan et al. Community pharmacy in the UAE: characteristics and workforce issues. Int J Pharm Pract. 2011; 19(6): 392-399. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00134.x

Hasan S. Continuing education needs assessment of pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. Pharm World & Sci. 2009. Volume 31, Issue 6: 670-677

Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W, Hussein A, Hasan S. Critical Role of Pharmacists in Caring for Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Journal of Alzheimer ’s disease. 2020; 73 (3): 1253 – 1264.

Hasan S. A Tool to Teach Communication Skills to Pharmacy Students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008; 72 (3) Article 67.

Hasan S, Mahameed S, Al Hariri Y. Translation and Culture Adaptation of the Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Test, Literacy Assessment for Diabetes and Diabetes Numeracy Test. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020; 16 (8): 1050-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.11.003.

Alzubaidi HT, Chandir S, Hasan S, Kevin McNamara, Rachele Cox, Ines Krass. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk screening model in community pharmacies in a developing primary healthcare system: a feasibility study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e031246. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031246

Hasan S, Al Oum L. & Hassan NA. A simulated patient study to evaluate community pharmacist assessment, management and advice giving to patients with asthma. J of Pharm Policy and Pract. 2021; 14:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00294-4

Mobarak DM, Al-Tabakha MM, Hasan S. Assessing hormonal contraceptive dispensing and counseling provided by community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates: a simulated patient study. Pharmacy Practice 2019; 17(2):1465. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2019.2.1465

Hasan S, Al-Omar M J, AlZubaidy H, Al-Worafi Y.M. Use of Medications in Arab Countries. In: Laher I. (eds) Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. 2019. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_91-1

Hasan S, Chapman CB, Stewart K, Kong DCM. Physicians’ perspectives of pharmacist-physician collaboration in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from an exploratory study. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2018; 32(5):566-574. doi: 10.1080/13561820.2018.1452726

Alzubaidi HT, McNamara K, Saidawi W, Hasan S, Ines Krass. Pharmacists’ experiences and views on providing screening services: An international comparison. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020; 16 (11): 1558-1568

AlOmar M, Hasan S, Palaian S, Mahameed S. The impact of a self-management educational program coordinated through WhatsApp on diabetes control. Pharmacy Practice. 2020; 18(2):1841.

Atif M, Hasan S, Mushtaq I, Javaid S, Asghar N, Scahill S. A Qualitative study to explore the role of pharmacists in healthy weight management in adults in Pakistan: Current scenario and future perspectives. BMC Health Services Research. 2020; 20: 541

Al Worafi Y M, Hasan S, Hassan N, Gaili A. Knowledge, attitude and experience of pharmacist in the UAE towards pharmacovigilance. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology; 2020;13:12

Hasan S, Mahameed S. Assessing patient knowledge of asthma using a newly-validated tool. Value in Health-Regional Issues. 2020; 22:108-114

Hasan S, Farajallah A, Shanableh S, Al Ebrahim S. Assessing the need for native language in pharmacy education and practice: a survey in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract. 2021.17;29(2):170-177. doi: 10.1093/ijpp/riaa006.

Bani Issa W, Radwan H, Rossiter R, Fakhry R, Al-Yateem N, Al-Shujairi A, Hasan S, Macridis S, Farghaly AA, Naing L, Awad M. Prevalence and determinants of overweight/obesity among school-aged adolescents in the United Arab Emirates: A cross-sectional study of private and public schools. BMJ Open. 2020;10:e038667. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-038667.

Hasan S, Halabi M. Development and validation of the new asthma numeracy test. Value in Health-Regional Issues. 2021; 25: 135-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2021.03.002

Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W. Assessing pharmacy student performance and perceptions on counseling skills through a simulated telehealth encounter. AJPE. 10; 8619. doi:10.5688/ajpe8619.

Alzubaidi H, Hasan S, Saidawi W, Mc Namara K, Chandir S, Krass I. Outcomes of a novel pharmacy screening intervention to address the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in an Arabic-speaking country. Diabet Med. 2021. https://doi.org/10.1111/dme.14598

Journal
Elnour A, Al-Kubaisi K A, Hasan S, Al Mazrouei N, Hassan N. , Elnour A, Al-Kubaisi K A, Hasan S, Al Mazrouei N, Hassan N. Predictors of Recommending Non-Pharmacological Therapy for Cough during Pregnancy by the Community Pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates (UAE): A Simulated-Patient Approach. Pharmacy Practice. Accepted, Pharmacy Practice, Oct 2024

Journal
Jirjees F, Hasan S, Krass I, Saidawi W, Al-Juboori M, Othman A, Alzoubi K, Alzubaidi H. Time for health change: promoting community-based diabetes screening and prevention with video vignettes and social marketing. BMC Public Health. 2024; 24, 2340. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19553-z, BMC Public Health, Vol: 24, Oct 2024, doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-19553-z

Journal
Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W, Zitouni H, Hussein S. Pharmacist Insights into Antimicrobial Stewardship: A Social Marketing Approach. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2023:S1551-7411(23)00470-9. doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.11.003., Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Oct 2023, doi: doi: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2023.11.003.

Journal
Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Samorinha C, Alradaideh A. Validation and psychometric evaluation of diabetes literacy, numeracy and knowledge tools. The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care. 2023;49(6):449-461. doi:10.1177/26350106231207349, The Science of Diabetes Self-Management and Care., Oct 2023

Journal
Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Palaian S, AlOmar M, Kheir N, Al Hariri Y, Shanableh S, Gaili A, Kahaleh A. A Telehealth Module and Virtual Objective Structured Clinical Examination of Health Literacy in Pharmacy Education. Am J Pharm Educ. 2023;87(12):100555 doi: 10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100555., Am J Pharm Educ, Oct 2023

Journal
Hasan S, Gaili A, Ghaouji W, Ahmed M. Student-Created Vignettes to Enhance Pharmacy Student Knowledge and Skill in Managing Patients with Neuropsychiatric Disease. Pharmacy Practice 2023;21(3):2858. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2023.3.2858, Pharmacy Practice, Oct 2023

Journal
Hasan S, Sulieman H, Babi H, Bloukh S. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Antibiotic Knowledge and Consumption Tool (AKCT). Antibiotics. 2022;11(12):1744. doi: 10.3390/antibiotics11121744. PMID: 36551401; PMCID: PMC9774259., Antibiotics, Oct 2022

Journal
Al Kubaisi K, Hasan S, Hassan N, Elnour AA. A pseudo-customer cross-sectional study to evaluate the community pharmacist’s management of migraine in pregnant women. Pharmacy Practice. 2022; 20(4):1-9. Available from: https://pharmacypractice.org/index.php/pp/article/view/2739, Pharmacy Practice, Oct 2022

Journal
Hasan S, Gamal M, Samorinha C, Hassan N. Antibiotic use numeracy: developing the Infectious Numeracy Test (INT). Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2022; 18 (9): 3580-3587, Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy, Oct 2022

Journal
Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W. Assessing pharmacy student performance and perceptions on counseling skills through a simulated telehealth encounter. AJPE. 2022; 86(7):8619. doi: 10.5688/ajpe8619., Am J Pharm Educ, Oct 2022

Conference Presentation

Assessment of pharmacy students’ asthma management in English and Arabic using Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE). Poster Presentation. International Social Pharmacy Workshop, Aberdeen, Scotland, July 18-22, 2016. IJPP, 24(Suppl. 2), pp. 33–60. Proceedings IJPP.

The Role of the Pharmacist in Improving Adherence to CV Medications. Cardiovascular Pharmacist Summit. Invited Speaker. Muscat, Oman, February 19-20, 2016.

What Do Physicians Think of Provision of Enhanced Services by Community Pharmacists in the UAE? The First Middle Eastern Conference on Interprofessional Education. Poster Presentation. Doha, Qatar, Dec 4-6, 2015.

What Community Pharmacy Services Are Patients Willing to Use in the United Arab Emirates? Oral Presentation. The 7th Medication Safety Conference, Abu Dhabi, November 7-9, 2014.

Physicians' Opinions on Collaboration with Pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. Res Soc Admin Pharm 2014; 10(5): E45-E45. International Social Pharmacy Workshop. Poster presentation. Boston, USA. August 4-8, 2014 Proceeding RSAP.

Pharmacists and Management of Common Ailments in Diabetic Patients. Keynote Speaker. Pharmacist Academy II Symposium, Abu Dhabi, June 13, 2014.

Pharmacists’ Top Tips for Management of Common Respiratory Infections. Workshop for Community Pharmacists. The 3rd Annual OTC Conference, Dubai, April 25, 2014.

Application of FIP Pharmacy Education Initiatives and Good Pharmacy Practice Guidelines to the UAE Setting. Oral Presentation. Frontiers in Therapeutics, Clinical Education, and Practice Conference, Fatima College of Health Sciences, Abu Dhabi, November 2013.

Pharmacist's Assessment of Cardiovascular Risks and Interventions to Reduce Them. Proceedings of the International Pharmaceutical Federation (FIP). Poster Presentation. Dublin, Ireland, Sept 2013.

Memberships, Awards and Honors

International Society of Pharmacoeconomics and Outcomes Research (ISPOR) Collaboration

Member of the organizing committee of the Medication Safety Annual Conference

Member of the UAE National Advisory Committee on Immunizations

Inclusion in Marquis Who’s Who in the World 2014 (31st Edition)

Inclusion in Marquis Who’s Who in Medicine and Health Care 2011-2012 Edition. 2011

Member of the American Pharmacists Association

Pharmacy Board Licensure- National Association of Boards of Pharmacy, USA.

Faculty Teaching Award-Ajman University-2020

ACPE Review Team on International Pharmacy Programs, 2019–Present

ACPE Review Team on International Pharmacy Programs, 2019–Present

Contact

Education

Doctor of Philosophy, PhD, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Australia, 2013

Doctor of Pharmacy, PharmD, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 2002

Bachelor of Science in Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1994

Experience

Coordinator of MSc in Clinical Pharmacy Program - COPHS, Ajman University, UAE, September 2022–Present

Associate Professor - Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, August 2019–Present

Assistant Professor - Department of Clinical Sciences, Ajman University, August 2016–August 2019

Coordinator - Office of Experiential Learning, COPHS, Ajman University, UAE, September 2016–January 2020

Faculty - Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmacotherapeutics, University of Sharjah, UAE, 2005–2016

Assistant Professor - Gateway Institute, Purdue University, UAE, 2004–2005

Assistant Professor - Clinical Pharmacy, Dubai Pharmacy College, UAE, Fall 2003

Clinical Coordinator - Hays Medical Center, Hays, Kansas, USA, 1998–2000

Staff Pharmacist - Hays Medical Center, Hays, Kansas, USA, 1994–2000

Research Assistant - Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratories, School of Pharmacy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA, 1993–1994

Teaching Area

Clinical Pharmacy - Various areas in disease state management

Health promotion & disease prevention

Public Health

Pharmacy Management & Marketing

Pharmacy Law & Ethics

Pharmacy Clinical and field training

Medication safety and Pharmacovigilance

Pharmaceutical Care

Communication skills in Pharmacy

Research

Health Literacy in Diabetes

Pharmacist Management of Asthma

Screening for Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes in Community Pharmacy

Pharmacovigilance: Health Professionals and Consumers

Pharmacist Practices and Consumer Satisfaction with Birth Control in the UAE

Pharmacy Education and Assessments

Alzheimer's Disease and the Role of the Community Pharmacist

Publications

Hasan S, Tarazi H, Hilal D. Enhancing Student Communication Skills Through Arabic Language Competency and Simulated Patient Assessments. Am J Pharm Educ. 2017; 81 (4): Article 76. doi/full/10.5688/ajpe81476

Hasan S, Farghadani Gh, AlHaideri SKh, Fathy MA. Pharmacist opportunities to improve public self-medicating practices in the UAE. Pharmacology & Pharmacy. 2016; 7(11): 459-47. doi.org/10.4236/pp.2016.711052

Hasan S, Al Sabbagh R, AlHumaidi R, AlMallah M, Khan F. Objective Structured Clinical Examination (OSCE) in assessing pharmacy students’ Arabic language competence in asthma management. Pharmacy Education. 2016; 16 (1): 158-165. http://pharmacyeducation.fip.org/pharmacyeducation/article/view/418

Zaidan A, Awaisu A, Hasan S, Kheir N. The Living with Medicines Questionnaire: Translation and Cultural Adaptation into the Arabic Context. Value in Health-Regional Issue. 2016; 10 C: 36-40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2016.07.001

Hasan et al. Patient expectations of and willingness to use primary care pharmacy services in the United Arab Emirates. Int J Pharm Pract 2015; 23 (5): 340–348, doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12176

Hasan S et al. Physicians’ attitudes towards provision of primary care services in community pharmacy in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract 2015; 23 (4): 274–282, doi: 10.1111/ijpp.12157

Hasan et al. Physicians' Opinions on Collaboration with Pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. Res Soc Admin Pharm 2014; 10(5): E45-E45

Hasan et al. Assessing patient satisfaction with community pharmacy in the UAE using a newly-validated tool. Res Soc Admin Pharm 2013; 9: 841-850. doi:10.1016/j.sapharm.2012.10.002

Hasan et al. Community Pharmacy Services in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract. 2012; 20(4): 218-225. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00182.x

Hasan S. Teaching ethics to pharmacy students using a team-based learning approach. Pharmacy Education. 2011; 11 (1): 99 - 106

Hasan et al. Community pharmacy in the UAE: characteristics and workforce issues. Int J Pharm Pract. 2011; 19(6): 392-399. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-7174.2011.00134.x

Hasan S. Continuing education needs assessment of pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates. Pharm World & Sci. 2009. Volume 31, Issue 6: 670-677

Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W, Hussein A, Hasan S. Critical Role of Pharmacists in Caring for Alzheimer’s Disease Patients. Journal of Alzheimer ’s disease. 2020; 73 (3): 1253 – 1264.

About the journal

Hasan S. A Tool to Teach Communication Skills to Pharmacy Students. Am J Pharm Educ. 2008; 72 (3) Article 67.

Hasan S, Mahameed S, Al Hariri Y. Translation and Culture Adaptation of the Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Test, Literacy Assessment for Diabetes and Diabetes Numeracy Test. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020; 16 (8): 1050-1056. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sapharm.2019.11.003.

About the journal

Alzubaidi HT, Chandir S, Hasan S, Kevin McNamara, Rachele Cox, Ines Krass. Diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk screening model in community pharmacies in a developing primary healthcare system: a feasibility study. BMJ Open 2019;9:e031246. doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031246

About the journal

Hasan S, Al Oum L. & Hassan NA. A simulated patient study to evaluate community pharmacist assessment, management and advice giving to patients with asthma. J of Pharm Policy and Pract. 2021; 14:8 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40545-020-00294-4

About the journal

Mobarak DM, Al-Tabakha MM, Hasan S. Assessing hormonal contraceptive dispensing and counseling provided by community pharmacists in the United Arab Emirates: a simulated patient study. Pharmacy Practice 2019; 17(2):1465. https://doi.org/10.18549/PharmPract.2019.2.1465

About the journal

Hasan S, Al-Omar M J, AlZubaidy H, Al-Worafi Y.M. Use of Medications in Arab Countries. In: Laher I. (eds) Handbook of Healthcare in the Arab World. 2019. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74365-3_91-1

About the journal

Hasan S, Chapman CB, Stewart K, Kong DCM. Physicians’ perspectives of pharmacist-physician collaboration in the United Arab Emirates: Findings from an exploratory study. Journal of Interprofessional Care. 2018; 32(5):566-574. doi: 10.1080/13561820.2018.1452726

About the journal

Alzubaidi HT, McNamara K, Saidawi W, Hasan S, Ines Krass. Pharmacists’ experiences and views on providing screening services: An international comparison. Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy. 2020; 16 (11): 1558-1568

About the journal

AlOmar M, Hasan S, Palaian S, Mahameed S. The impact of a self-management educational program coordinated through WhatsApp on diabetes control. Pharmacy Practice. 2020; 18(2):1841.

About the journal

Atif M, Hasan S, Mushtaq I, Javaid S, Asghar N, Scahill S. A Qualitative study to explore the role of pharmacists in healthy weight management in adults in Pakistan: Current scenario and future perspectives. BMC Health Services Research. 2020; 20: 541

About the journal

Al Worafi Y M, Hasan S, Hassan N, Gaili A. Knowledge, attitude and experience of pharmacist in the UAE towards pharmacovigilance. Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology; 2020;13:12

About the journal

Hasan S, Mahameed S. Assessing patient knowledge of asthma using a newly-validated tool. Value in Health-Regional Issues. 2020; 22:108-114

About the journal

Hasan S, Farajallah A, Shanableh S, Al Ebrahim S. Assessing the need for native language in pharmacy education and practice: a survey in the UAE. Int J Pharm Pract. 2021.17;29(2):170-177. doi: 10.1093/ijpp/riaa006.

About the journal

About the journal

Hasan S, Halabi M. Development and validation of the new asthma numeracy test. Value in Health-Regional Issues. 2021; 25: 135-14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vhri.2021.03.002

About the journal

Hasan S, Alzubaidi H, Saidawi W. Assessing pharmacy student performance and perceptions on counseling skills through a simulated telehealth encounter. AJPE. 10; 8619. doi:10.5688/ajpe8619.

About the journal