Dr. Samir Haj Bloukh holds a Ph.D. in Virology and Serology (Microbiology) from the University of Manchester, UK, awarded in 1991. He also earned a Postgraduate Diploma in Bacteriology (Microbiology) from the University of Manchester in 1985, and a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (DVM) from the University of Faisalabad, Pakistan, in 1977. Dr. Bloukh has been an Associate Professor at Ajman University, UAE, since 2015. He has contributed significantly to the university, serving as Head of the Department of Pharmacology for one year, Assistant Professor for 15 years, and Dean of the College of Pharmacy for 9 years. Additionally, he has led various research teams at the university for one year.
Despite the promising medicinal properties, berberine (BBR), due to its relatively poor solubility in plasma, low bio-stability and limited bioavailability is not used broadly in clinical stages. Due to these drawbacks, drug delivery systems (DDSs) based on nanoscale natural polysaccharides, are applied to address these concerns. Natural polymers are biodegradable, non-immunogenic, biocompatible, and non-toxic agents that are capable of trapping large amounts of hydrophobic compounds in relatively small volumes. The use of nanoscale natural polysaccharide improves the stability and pharmacokinetics of the small molecules and, consequently, increases the therapeutic effects and reduces the side effects of the small molecules. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the different methods used for increasing the BBR solubility and bioavailability. Afterwards, the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic of BBR nanostructures were discussed followed by the introduction of natural polysaccharides of plant (cyclodextrines, glucomannan), the shells of crustaceans (chitosan), and the cell wall of brown marine algae (alginate)-based origins used to improve the dissolution rate of poorly soluble BBR and their anticancer and antibacterial properties. Finally, the anticancer and antibacterial mechanisms of free BBR and BBR nanostructures were surveyed. In conclusion, this review may pave the way for providing some useful data in the development of BBR-based platforms for clinical applications.
The advancement in early diagnosis and precise treatments options result in more predictable and powerful health care modalities. Aptamers are known as nucleic acid structures with three-dimensional conformation to selectively bind a target site. Physicochemical properties of aptamers, their conjugation with nanoparticles (NPs) in theranostics applications and their internalization have been found to be of interest in development of aptamer-based drug delivery systems. Therefore, we aimed to present an overview on the structure and generation of aptamers followed by advantages of aptamers-conjugated NPs and their theranostics applications in various diseases such as oncology, inflammatory diseases and viral diseases. Afterward, we discussed several reports on the internalization approaches of aptamers, efficiency of aptamers vs. their analogous, and implications of aptamers in clinical trials. Finally, we discussed the current challenges and future perspectives of actively targeted aptamers for clinical application. In conclusion, this review may hold a great promise for development of aptamer-based therapeutic platforms in clinical trials.
Khan S., Cho W.C., Jaragh-Alhadad L.A., Tarharoudi R., Bloukh S.H., Edis Z., Sari S., Falahati M., ten Hagen T.L.M., Khan R.H., Bai Q. Nano-bio interaction: An overview on the biochemical binding of DNA to inorganic nanoparticles for the development of anticancer and antibacterial nano-platforms International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2023, 225, pp. 544 – 556. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.110 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.11.110
Hasan, S.; Sulieman, H.; Babi, H.; Bloukh, S. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Antibiotic Knowledge and Consumption Tool (AKCT). Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121744.
Edis, Z.; Bloukh, S.H. Antimicrobial V-Shaped Copper(II) Pentaiodide: Insights to Bonding Pattern and Susceptibility. Molecules 2022, 27, 6437. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules27196437
Suliman Khan, Majid Sharifi, Jason P. Gleghorn, Mohammad Mahdi Nejadi Babadaei, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Mohammadreza Amin, Qian Bai, Timo L.M. ten Hagen, Mojtaba Falahati, William C. Cho Artificial engineering of the protein corona at bio-nano interfaces for improved cancer-targeted nanotherapy. Journal of Controlled Release 2022, 348, 127-147, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.055.
Zheng Nie, Yasaman Vahdani, William C. Cho, Samir Haj Bloukh, Zehra Edis, Setareh Haghighat, Mojtaba Falahati, Rasoul Kheradmandi, Laila Abdulmohsen Jaragh-Alhadad, Majid Sharifi 5-Fluorouracil-containing inorganic iron oxide/platinum nanozymes with bimodel drug delivery and peroxidase-like activity for the treatment of breast cancer Arabian Journal of Chemistry 2022, 15(8), 103966. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.103966
Zhang, W.; Cho, W.C.; Bloukh, S.H.; Edis, Z.; Du, W.; He, Y.; Hu, H.Y.; ten Hagen, T.L.M.; Falahati, M. An overview on the exploring the interaction of inorganic nanoparticles with microtubules for the advancement of cancer therapeutics International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 2022, 212, pp. 358 – 369.. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.150 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.05.150
Sharifi, M.; Cho, W.C.; Ansariesfahani, A.; Tarharoudi, R.; Malekisarvar, H.; Sari, S.; Bloukh, S.H.; Edis, Z.; Amin, M.; Gleghorn, J.P.; et al. An Updated Review on EPR-Based Solid Tumor Targeting Nanocarriers for Cancer Treatment. Cancers 2022, 14, 2868. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14122868
Edis, Z.; Bloukh, S.H.; Sara, H.A.; Azelee, N.I.W. Antimicrobial Biomaterial on Sutures, Bandages and Face Masks with Potential for Infection Control. Polymers 2022, 14, 1932. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14101932
Desai, A.S.; Singh, A.; Edis, Z.; Haj Bloukh, S.; Shah, P.; Pandey, B.; Agrawal, N.; Bhagat, N. An In Vitro and In Vivo Study of the Efficacy and Toxicity of Plant-Extract-Derived Silver Nanoparticles. J. Funct. Biomater. 2022, 13, 54. https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb13020054.
Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) demonstrate unique properties and their use is exponentially increasing in various applications. The potential impact of Ag-NPs on human health is debatable in terms of toxicity. The present study deals with MTT(3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl-tetrazolium-bromide) assay on Ag-NPs. We measured the cell activity resulting from molecules’ mitochondrial cleavage through a spectrophotometer. The machine learning models Decision Tree (DT) and Random Forest (RF) were utilized to comprehend the relationship between the physical parameters of NPs and their cytotoxicity. The input features used for the machine learning were reducing agent, types of cell lines, exposure time, particle size, hydrodynamic diameter, zeta potential, wavelength, concentration, and cell viability. These parameters were extracted from the literature, segregated, and developed into a dataset in terms of cell viability and concentration of NPs. DT helped in classifying the parameters by applying threshold conditions. The same conditions were applied to RF to extort the predictions. K-means clustering was used on the dataset for comparison. The performance of the models was evaluated through regression metrics, viz. root mean square error (RMSE) and R2. The obtained high value of R2 and low value of RMSE denote an accurate prediction that could best fit the dataset. DT performed better than RF in predicting the toxicity parameter. We suggest using algorithms for optimizing and designing the synthesis of Ag-NPs in extended applications such as drug delivery and cancer treatments.
In the biological systems, exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) can cause complicated interactions with proteins, the formation of protein corona and structural changes to proteins. These changes depend not only on NP physicochemical properties, but also on the intrinsic stability of protein molecules. Although, the formation of protein corona on the surface of NPs and the underlying mechanisms have been fully explored in various studies, no comprehensive review has discussed the direct biochemical and biophysical interactions between NPs and blood proteins, particularly transferrin. In this review, we first discussed the interaction of NPs with proteins to comprehend the effects of physicochemical properties of NPs on protein structure. We then overviewed the transferrin structure and its direct interaction with NPs to explore transferrin stability and its iron ion (Fe3+) release behavior. Afterwards, we surveyed the various biological functions of transferrin, such as Fe3+ binding, receptor binding, antibacterial activity, growth, differentiation, and coagulation, followed by the application of transferrin-modified NPs in the development of drug delivery systems for cancer therapy. We believe that this study can provide useful insight into the design and development of bioconjugates containing NP-transferrin for potential biomedical applications.
Knowledge of antibiotics and awareness of microbial resistance are essential for appropriate antibiotic consumption. This study aimed to develop and validate a measure of antibiotic knowledge and consumption (AKCT) and to make it available in the Arabic language and context. The tool was developed and applied on individuals ≥ 18 years, with mastery of Arabic or English. Exploratory factor analysis using principal-component analysis tested the psychometric properties of the items. AKCT scores were compared with the Infectious Numeracy Test (INT) scores to establish convergent validity. Cronbach’s α > 0.7 measured reliability. Three hundred-eighty-six participants completed the questionnaire, achieving a 95.3% response rate. Five components were retained after factor analysis: Side-effects and resistance, Access to antibiotics, Recovery after use, Antibiotics use indications, and Body response. Cronbach’s α = 0.85. The mean ± SD of AKCT = 9.82 ± 3.85 (range = 7–20); lowest scores were related to “Side-effects and resistance” (2.32 ± 2.00, max = 7) and “Antibiotic use indications” (1.61 ± 1.29, max = 5). Scores on the AKCT and INT positively correlated. The AKCT is a valuable, valid, and reliable tool developed for measurement of antibiotic knowledge and consumption behaviors to identify specific areas needing improvements; hence, targeted interventions are devised. Hasan, S.; Sulieman, H.; Babi, H.; Bloukh, S. Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the Antibiotic Knowledge and Consumption Tool (AKCT). Antibiotics 2022, 11, 1744. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics11121744.
The urgency of antibiotic resistance has been recognized, necessitating prompt, and focused efforts from the scientific community. Innovative alternatives, such as nanoparticles and photocatalytic agents, have been investigated to confront drug-resistant microbes. As an antimicrobial and photocatalytic agent, zinc oxide (ZnO) has demonstrated considerable promise. This study utilized a cutting-edge method called laser-assisted chemical bath synthesis (LACBS) to create undoped and Al-doped ZnO nanostructures without a catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV–Vis spectrophotometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra (FTIR) were used to verify the structural and optical properties of the prepared nanostructures. The influence of doping concentration was evaluated by producing samples with doping concentrations of 1%, 2%, and 3%, and they were assessed employing diverse analytical techniques. It was found that ZnO exhibited the most pronounced antimicrobial activity: Al(3%) nanosheets, which can be attributed to their extensive surface area and the photocatalytic activity induced by LACBS. These materials displayed exceptional performance in the degradation of methylene orange. The integration of aluminum was observed to expedite interfacial charge transfer processes and diminish recombination, thereby enhancing the photocatalytic activity of the ZnO nanosheets. These findings emphasize the potential of aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanosheets as wide-ranging microbicides and disinfectants, underlining their significance in addressing drug-resistant microbes. Adopting such sophisticated materials could pave the way for creating potent antibacterial agents capable of tackling the escalating issue of antibiotic resistance. Subsequent research ought to concentrate on assessing the impact of augmented doping levels on the investigated variables. Enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of undoped and aluminum‑doped zinc oxide nanosheets synthesized via novel laser‑assisted chemical bath technique Zyoud, S.H., Hegazi, O.E., Alalalmeh, S.O. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic and antimicrobial properties of undoped and aluminum-doped zinc oxide nanosheets synthesized via novel laser-assisted chemical bath technique. Appl. Phys. A 129, 750 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-023-07033-x https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85173612194&origin=resultslist https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00339-023-07033-x
Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global health, amplified by factors such as water scarcity and suboptimal hygienic practices. Addressing AMR effectively necessitates a comprehensive strategy encompassing enhanced access to potable water, developing innovative antibiotics, and exploring alternative treatment modalities, such as harnessing solar photocatalysis with zinc oxide nanoparticles for water purification and antimicrobial applications. The Laser-Assisted Chemical Bath Synthesis (LACBS) technique facilitates the fabrication of pure ZnO nanostructures, providing a potentially efficacious solution for mitigating pathogen proliferation and managing wastewater. The photocatalytic degradation of MB and MO dyes was investigated using blue laser light at 445 nm, and degradation rates were determined accordingly. Ag-doped ZnO nanostructures were characterized through X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. The antimicrobial efficacy of LACBS-synthesized ZnO nanoparticles was assessed against C. albicans, S. aureus, B. subtilis, E. coli, and K. pneumoniae using the disc diffusion method, revealing 40 mm, 37 mm, 21 mm, 27 mm, and 45 mm inhibition zones at the highest concentration of doped-Ag (4.5%), respectively. These inhibition zones were measured in accordance with the guidelines established by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. X-ray diffraction patterns for ZnO, ZnOAg(1.5%), ZnO:Ag(3%), and ZnO:Ag(4.5%) samples revealed variations in intensity and crystallinity. Scanning electron microscopy exposed morphological disparities among the nanostructures, while energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy verified their elemental compositions. UV-Vis absorption analyses inspected the optical band gaps, and Fourier-transform infrared spectra identified the stretching mode of metal-oxygen bonds. Under blue laser irradiation, Ag-doped ZnO exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity during the photocatalytic degradation. These nanoparticles, synthesized via the cost-effective and straightforward LACBS method, benefit from silver doping that augments their electron-trapping properties and photocatalytic activity, thereby enabling efficient dye degradation. Consequently, Ag-doped ZnO nanoparticles hold promise as a potent solution for counteracting drug-resistant microorganisms and as an effective disinfectant. Zyoud, S.H.; Alalalmeh, S.O.; Hegazi, O.E.; Yahia, I.S.; Zahran, H.Y.; Sara, H.A.; Bloukh, S.H.; Shahwan, M.; Zyoud, A.H.; Hassan, N.; et al. Novel Laser-Assisted Chemical Bath Synthesis of Pure and Silver-Doped Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles with Improved Antimicrobial and Photocatalytic Properties. Catalysts 2023, 13, 900. https://doi.org/10.3390/catal13050900
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern for the future of mankind. Common antibiotics fail in the treatment of microbial infections at an alarming rate. Morbidity and mortality rates increase, especially among immune-compromised populations. Medicinal plants and their essential oils, as well as iodine could be potential solutions against resistant pathogens. These natural antimicrobials abate microbial proliferation, especially in synergistic combinations. We performed a simple, one-pot synthesis to prepare our formulation with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-complexed iodine (I2), Thymus Vulgaris L. (Thyme), and Aloe Barbadensis Miller (AV). SEM/EDS, UV-vis, Raman, FTIR, and XRD analyses verified the purity, composition, and morphology of AV-PVP-Thyme-I2. We investigated the inhibitory action of the bio-formulation AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 against 10 selected reference pathogens on impregnated sterile discs, surgical sutures, cotton gauze bandages, surgical face masks, and KN95 masks. The antimicrobial properties of AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 were studied by disc diffusion methods and compared with those of the antibiotics gentamycin and nystatin. The results confirm AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 as a strong antifungal and antibacterial agent against the majority of the tested microorganisms with excellent results on cotton bandages and face masks. After storing AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 for 18 months, the inhibitory action was augmented compared to the fresh formulation. Consequently, we suggest AV-PVP-Thyme-I2 as an antimicrobial agent against wound infections and a spray-on contact killing agent. Edis, Z.; Bloukh, S.H.; Sara, H.A.; Bloukh, I.H. Green Synthesized Polymeric Iodophors with Thyme as Antimicrobial Agents. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25021133 https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85183247210&origin=resultslist
Edis, Z.; Bloukh, S.H. Thymol, a Monoterpenoid within Polymeric Iodophor Formulations and Their Antimicrobial Activities. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4949. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25094949 https://www.scopus.com/record/display.uri?eid=2-s2.0-85192742942&origin=resultslist
Iodinated Aloe Vera Formulations for Antimicrobial and Cosmeceutical Applications Zehra Edis, Samir Haj Bloukh, Hamed Abusara, Iman Haj Bloukh, Ibrahim Haj Bloukh https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-981-97-1908-2 ISBN 978-981-97-1907-5 ISBN 978-981-97-1908-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-1908-2 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721, Singapore